The biggest thing in
operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da
Vinci, used in nearly 400,000 surgeries nationwide last year – triple the
number just four years earlier.
But now the high-tech
helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths
that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system.
There also have been
a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn’t let go of
tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face
as she lay on the operating table.
Is it time to curb
the robot enthusiasm?
Some doctors say yes,
concerned that the “wow” factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They
argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is
at least as good or better than conventional surgeries.
Many U.S. hospitals
promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway
billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the
costly robot.
The da Vinci is used
for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs,
repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use
has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States.
“We are at the tip of
the iceberg. What we thought was impossible 10 years ago is now commonplace,”
said Dr. Michael Stifelman, robotic surgery chief at New York University’s
Langone Medical Center.
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For surgeons, who
control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over
the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robot hands don’t shake.
Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home
sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving
large incisions.
But the Food and Drug
Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic
surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic
system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA
spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now “is the increase in number
of reports received” about da Vinci.
Reports filed since
early last year include at least five deaths.
Whether there truly
are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn’t quantify the
increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and
hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren’t required to report
such things; device makers and hospitals are.
It could also reflect
wider use. Last year there were 367,000 robot surgeries versus 114,000 in 2008,
according to da Vinci’s maker, Intuitive Surgical Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif.
Da Vinci is the
company’s only product, and it’s the only robotic system cleared for
soft-tissue surgery by the FDA. There are other robotic devices approved for
neurosurgery and orthopedics, among other things.
A search for the
company’s name in an FDA database of reported problems related to medical
devices brings up 500 reports since Jan. 1, 2012. Many of those came from
Intuitive Surgical. The reports include incidents that happened several years
ago and some are duplicates. There’s also no proof any of the problems were caused
by the robot, and many didn’t injure patients. Reports filed this year include:
- A woman who died
during a 2012 hysterectomy when the surgeon-controlled robot accidentally
nicked a blood vessel.
- A Chicago man who
died in 2007 after spleen surgery.
- A New York man
whose colon was allegedly perforated during prostate surgery. Da Vinci’s maker
filed that report after seeing a newspaper article about it and said the
doctor’s office declined to provide additional information.
- A robotic arm that
wouldn’t let go of tissue grasped during colorectal surgery on Jan. 14. “We had
to do a total system shutdown to get the grasper to open its jaws,” said the
report filed by the hospital. The report said the patient was not injured.
- A robotic arm hit a
patient in the face during a hysterectomy. The company filed that report, and
said it is unknown if the patient was injured but that the surgeon decided to
switch to an open, more invasive operation instead.
Intuitive Surgical
filed all but one of those reports.
Complications can
occur with any type of surgery, and so far it’s unclear if they are more common
in robotic operations, but that’s part of what the FDA is trying to find out.
Intuitive Surgical
disputes there’s been a true increase in problems and says the rise reflects a
change it made last year in the way it reports problems.
The da Vinci system
“has an excellent safety record with over 1.5 million surgeries performed
globally, and total adverse event rates have remained low and in line with
historical trends,” said company spokeswoman Angela Wonson.
But an upcoming
research paper suggests that problems linked with robotic surgery are
underreported. They include cases with “catastrophic complications,” said Dr.
Martin Makary, a Johns Hopkins surgeon who co-authored the paper.
“The rapid adoption
of robotic surgery … has been done by and large without the proper evaluation,”
Makary said.
The da Vinci system,
on the market since 2000, includes a three- or four-armed robot that surgeons
operate with hand controls at a computer system located several feet away from
the patient. They see inside the patient’s body through a tiny video camera
attached to one of the long robot arms. The other arms are tipped with tiny
surgical instruments.
Robotic operations
are similar to conventional laparoscopy, or “keyhole” surgery, which involves
small incisions and camera-tipped instruments controlled by the surgeon’s
hands, not a robot.
Almost 1,400 U.S. hospitals
– nearly 1 out of 4 – have at least one da Vinci system. Each one costs about
$1.45 million, plus $100,000 or more a year in service agreements.
The most common
robotic operations include prostate removal – about 85 percent of these
operations in the U.S. are done with the robot. Da Vinci also is often used for
hysterectomies, Wonson said.
Makary says there’s
no justification for the skyrocketing increase in robotic surgery, which he
attributes to aggressive advertising by the manufacturer and hospitals seeking
more patients.
He led a study
published in 2011 that found 4 in 10 U.S. hospitals promoted robotic surgery on
their websites, often using wording provided by the manufacturer. Some of the
claims exaggerated the benefits or had misleading, unproven claims, the study
said.
Stifelman, the
Langone surgeon, said it makes sense for hospitals to promote robotic surgery
and other new technology to, but that it doesn’t mean that it’s the right
option for all patients.
“It’s going to be the
responsibility of the surgeon … to make sure the patient knows there are lots
of options,” and to discuss the risks and benefits, he said.
His hospital expects
to do more than 1,200 robotic surgeries this year, versus just 175 in 2008.
For a few select
procedures that require operating in small, hard-to-reach areas, robotic
surgery may offer advantages over conventional methods, Makary said. Those
procedures include head and neck cancer surgery and rectal surgery.
Some surgeons say the
robotic method also has advantages for weight-loss surgery on extremely obese
patients, whose girth can make hands-on surgery challenging.
“At the console, the
operation can be performed effectively and precisely, translating to superior
quality,” said Dr. Subhashini Ayloo, a surgeon at the University of Illinois
Hospital & Health Sciences System in Chicago.
Ayloo, who uses the
da Vinci robot, last year began a study on the effectiveness of doing robotic
obesity surgery in patients who need a kidney transplant. Some hospitals won’t
do transplants on obese patients with kidney failure because it can be risky.
In the study, robotic stomach-shrinking surgery and kidney transplants are done
simultaneously. Patients who get both will be compared with a control group
getting only robotic kidney transplants.
“We don’t know the
results, but so far it’s looking good,” Ayloo said.
Aidee Diaz of Chicago
was the first patient and was taken aback when told the dual operation would be
done robotically.
“At first you would
get scared. Everybody says, `A robot?’ But in the long run that robot does a
lot of miracles,” said Diaz, 36.
She has had no
complications since her operation last July, has lost 100 pounds and says her
new kidney is working well.
Lawsuits in cases
that didn’t turn out so well often cite inadequate surgeon training with the
robot. These include a malpractice case that ended last year with a $7.5
million jury award for the family of Juan Fernandez, a Chicago man who died in
2007 after robotic spleen surgery. The lawsuit claimed Fernandez’s surgeons
accidentally punctured part of his intestines, leading to a fatal infection.
The surgeons argued that
Fernandez had a health condition that caused the intestinal damage, but it was
the first robot operation for one of the doctors and using the device was
overkill for an ordinarily straightforward surgery, said Fernandez’s attorney,
Ted McNabola.
McNabola said an
expert witness told him it was like “using an 18-wheeler to go the market to
get a quart of milk.”
Company spokesman
Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers
who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don’t train them how to do
specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it’s up to hospitals and
surgeons to decide “if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases.”
A 2010 New England
Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons
must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system.
But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed.
New Jersey banker
Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed
last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon’s many
years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also
had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with
just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in
conventional keyhole surgery.
“I’m 33, and for the
rest of my life I’m going to be looking at those scars,” she said.
The operation went
smoothly. Grattan was back at work a week later
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